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- RARE has set up a short study on network access to multimedia
- information, which I am conducting. I'm listening to the discussions on
- extending HTML and HTTP with great interest.
-
- Talking to some of the potential USERS of multimedia information servers
- (MMIS) and looking at their projects, I came up with a list of
- requirements. I know that WWW can do much of this, but not all, and it
- seems that this might be a good time to mention some of these
- requirements. There are sections on Hyperlinks, Presentation (this
- matches up with discussions on text flowing, inline images etc),
- Searching, QoS and Management. I'd be interested in comments.
-
- HYPERLINKS
-
- It is clear that many applications require their users to be able to
- navigate through the information base according to relationships
- determined by the information provider - in other words, hyperlinks.
-
- Some "hypermedia" systems are in fact simply hypertext, in that they
- require the source anchor of a hyperlink to be in a text node. A true
- hypermedia system allows hyperlinks to have their source anchors in
- nodes of any media type. This allows a user to click the mouse on a
- component of a diagram or on part of a video sequence to cause one or
- more related nodes to be retrieved and displayed.
-
- Some hypermedia systems allow target anchors of a hyperlinks to be
- finer-grained than a whole node - eg the target anchor could be a word
- or a paragraph within a text document. It is not clear to me whether
- this is a critical requirement.
-
- PRESENTATION
-
- Related information of different media types must be capable of
- synchronised display. The synchronisation may be in time and/or space.
- For instance, an image may have an associated text caption which should
- be retrieved at the same time as the image and displayed adjacent to it,
- perhaps in a window which the user can scroll. A sound clip may have
- some associated text (perhaps a translation) which must be displayed in
- sync with the sound, eg in an automatically-scrolled window.
-
- SEARCHING
-
- Database-type applications require varying degrees of sophistication in
- retrieval techniques. Typically, non-text nodes form the major data of
- interest. Such nodes have associated descriptions, which may be plain
- text, or may be structured into fields. Users need to be able to search
- the descriptions, obtain a list of "hits", and select nodes from that
- list to display. Searching requirements vary from simple keyword
- searching to full-text indexing (with or without Boolean combinations of
- search words), to full SQL-style database retrieval languages.
-
- The user must be able to retrieve and display all the information in a
- record in a single operation. (This may involve several separate
- retrieval operations "under the hood", but the user should not be aware
- of this.)
-
- QUALITY OF SERVICE
-
- User toleration of delay in computer systems depends on user perception
- of the nature of the requested action. If the user believes that no
- computation is required, tolerable delays are of the order of 0.2s. If
- the user believes the action he or she has requested the computer to
- perform is "difficult" - for instance a computation of some form - then
- a tolerable delay is of the order of 2s. Users tend to give up waiting
- for a response after about 20s.
-
- Such user expectations are difficult to meet, particularly for
- voluminous multimedia data. There are several ways of alleviating this
- problem, some of which are described below.
-
- * Give clues that fetching a particular item might be timeconsuming -
- simply quoting the size may be sufficient.
-
- * Display a "progress" indicator while fetching data.
-
- * Allow the user to interact with other, previously fetched information
- while waiting for data to be fetched.
-
- * Allow several fetches to be performed in parallel.
-
- * Pre-fetch information which the client software believes the user
- will wish to see next.
-
- * Cache information locally.
-
- * Where multiple copies of the same information are held in different
- network locations, fetch the "nearest" copy. This is (sometimes)
- known as "anycasting".
-
- * Offering multiple views of image or video data at different
- resolutions and therefore sizes enable the user to select a balance
- between speed of retrieval and data quality.
-
- * Make provision for using isochronous data streams (if available)
- for audio and video.
-
- MANAGEMENT
-
- In order to support applications involving real-money information
- services (eg academic publishing) and learning/assessment applications,
- there must be a reliable and secure access control mechanism. A simple
- password is unlikely to suffice - Kerberos authentication procedures are
- a possibility.
-
- Users must be able to determine the charge for an item before retrieving
- it (assuming that pay-per-item will be a common paradigm - alternatives
- such as pay-per-call, pay-per-duration are also possible). Access
- records must be kept by the information server for charging purposes.
-
- Learning applications have similar requirements, except that the purpose
- here is not to charge for information retrieved, but to monitor and
- perhaps assess a student's progress.
-
- OTHER
-
- Another requirement which has escaped from the above list is the ability to
- specify in a hypermedia document a mail address, in such a way that the
- user can click on it to invoke his/her mailer with the address ready
- in the To: field.
-
- Chris Adie Phone: +44 31 650 3363
- Edinburgh University Computing Service Fax: +44 31 662 4809
- University Library, George Square Email: C.J.Adie@edinburgh.ac.uk
- Edinburgh EH8 9LJ, United Kingdom
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